According to Lieber, morphology is the study of how words are put together. Then, according to Payne, Morphology is the study of the form of words, how they are formed and their relationship to the words in the same language. Before we can examine the structure of words, we must become acquainted with an entity known as the morphemes. Morpheme is a short segment of language that meets three criteria:
1. Morpheme is a word or part of word that has meaning. For example:
- “Un” is a morpheme
- “Yes” is also morpheme, but also happens to be a word.
2. Morpheme cannot be divided into smaller meaningful parts without violation of its meaning or without meaningless remainders. For example:
Take the word straight /stret/. It is obviously recognized as a word by English speakers. Although we can divide it up in all sorts of ways (trait/tret/rate/ret/ate/et/), they all mean something different and leave us with meaningless remainders like /s-/, /st-/, and /str-/.
3. Morpheme recurs in differing word environments with a relatively stable meaning. For example:
The unit /stret/ occurs with relatively stable meaning in words like straighten, a straight line, and straightedge. Thus it fits the criteria for a morpheme. Likewise, consider the words bright(light) and brighten(make light). We might conclude that the –en in brighten is a morpheme with a causative meaning, and we certainly find that elsewhere in words like deepen, soften, stiffen.
Morpheme is not equal to syllable."Cats" has 1 syllable but 2 morphemes. "Syllable" has 2 syllables but only 1 morpheme.
B. Free, Bound and Base Morphemes
1. Free and Bound Morphemes
A free morpheme is one that can be uttered alone with meaning. A bound morpheme, unlike the free morpheme, it could not be uttered alone with meaning. It is always annexed to one or more morphemes to form a word. Examples:
Free morphemes
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Bound morphemes
(italic)
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Read
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Reader
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Draw
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Drawing
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Fam
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Famous
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Do
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Redo
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2. Bases
A base morpheme is the part of a word that has the principal meaning. Bases are very numerous, and most of them in English are free morphemes, but some are bound. Example: Lovable, Idolize and Remake. A base is a linguistic form that meets one or more of these requirements:
a. It can occur as an immediate constituent of a word whose only other immediate constituent is a prefix or suffix. Example: Replay, React, Active.
b. It is an allomorph of a morpheme which has another allomorph that is a free form. Example: Depth (deep), Wives (wife).
c. It is borrowing from another language in which it is a free form or a base. Example: Biometrics, Phraseology, Microcosm
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